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When IPsec is configured for a given communication path between hosts or subnets, most of the IP header and the entire data portion of each packet sent over the network is encrypted by the sending host, and decrypted by the receiving host. This is in contrast to non-IPsec packets, which are not encrypted.
In addition to encrypting IP packets, IPsec can authenticate each packet using the information in the expanded header supported by this protocol. Authentication can also be provided using private keys and signed certificates.
In this way, each host can not only be assured that each packet has been encrypted for delivery, but also validate that the packet received has originated with the expected host and that no third party has tampered with or had access to the data in the packets during transmission.
One of the uses of IPsec is to implement a Virtual Private Network (VPN). In a VPN, a non-secure communication path (such as an internet connection) is used for the transmission of encrypted and authenticated packets between hosts that have been set up to use that path and only provide IPsec packets over the path.
A VPN is really a set of security associations established on each host that requires secure IP communications, along with a security policy established for each "subnet" in the VPN. Thus, a corporate VPN might be defined by a gateway router that allows a number of remote systems (or other gateways) to connect over public transmission facilities (phone lines, cable modem, wireless), and access the corporate network. A properly configured IPsec facility on the gateways and the various remote systems prevents the kind of security threats inherent in public transmission systems, such as spoofing, masquerading, denial of service, and others.
For an overview of IPsec, see Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol(rfc2401).
IPsec requires the following software on the target system:
The nd and nics packages installed by default with UnixWare include an updated version of the tcpdump command, used to confirm that packets are being encrypted as you intend between hosts.
IPsec is disabled by default. Note that it is important to configure IPsec as soon as it is enabled. If IPsec is enabled without being setup (or if it is setup incorrectly), overall system throughput will most likely be reduced due to the extra processing in the kernel required for IPsec.
To enable IPsec, do the following:
ipsec_enable = 0to read as follows:
ipsec_enable = 1
Save the file.
idbuild -M inet
shutdown -i6 -g0 -y
Once the system comes back up, log in as root to configure IPsec.
IPsec is configured using the /usr/sbin/setkey and /usr/sbin/racoon commands. Note that ipseckey can be used as an alias for /usr/sbin/setkey, to avoid confusion with the /bin/setkey command (used to configure terminal function keys). In the examples below, we use ipseckey.
| setkey/ipseckey | configures the SAD and SPD databases used by IPsec |
| racoon | configures automatic negotiation of encryption keys and certificates used by hosts over IPsec; also configures SAD entries appropriate for auto-negotiation |
| racoon.conf | configuration file for racoon |
Basically, you use setkey (and its many internal commands) to tell the kernel which packets must be sent via IPsec, and to configure IPsec options for each host, range of hosts, subnet, etc., to which you want secure communication.
The racoon command is used to provide automatic encryption key and certificate management between hosts. Using racoon is optional, yet recommended. By automating the process of periodically changing and synchronizing keys and certificates within the set of hosts you define for IPsec, you not only reduce maintenance, but also reduce the likelihood that a key will be compromised.
The following procedure outlines the steps to follow to configure basic IPsec between two systems. The steps are illustrated with examples used to configure IPsec between two UnixWare systems on the same subnet. This is a simple example, and touches only the basics of IPsec usage, but will help you understand how IPsec works and what general steps you need to follow to configure IPsec in any environment. A bit of information on debugging IPsec is included.
Also see the references in the section ``Additional IPsec Documentation'' for more help configuring IPsec.
The example we use in the steps that follow is a simple IPsec tunnel between two hosts (relent.iii.com and elmer.iii.com), so routing setup is not necessary (in fact, routing is disabled on these systems).
tcpdump
The command should attach to the first network interface it finds (/dev/net0); if your network interface is on another device, specify that device with the -i option of tcpdump. See tcpdump(1M). Try logging in to the other machine via telnet or ssh, and observe the tcpdump output. It should look something like this:
00:05:06.620839 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: P 22147699:22147747(48) ack 16115521 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2088362 2549559> [tos 0x10] 00:05:06.623762 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: P 0:48(48) ack 1 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2088362 2549559> [tos 0x10] 00:05:06.623847 elmer.iii.com.22 > relent.iii.com.32805: P 1:49(48) ack 48 win 24820 <nop,nop,timestamp 2562612 2088362> [tos 0x10] 00:05:06.820200 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: . ack 49 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2088382 2562612> [tos 0x10] 00:05:06.820315 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: . ack 49 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2088382 2562612> [tos 0x10] 00:05:09.220973 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: P 48:96(48) ack 49 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2088622 2562612> [tos 0x10] 00:05:09.221106 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: P 48:96(48) ack 49 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2088622 2562612> [tos 0x10] 00:05:09.227721 elmer.iii.com.22 > relent.iii.com.32805: P 49:97(48) ack 96 win 24820 <nop,nop,timestamp 2562872 2088622> [tos 0x10] 00:05:09.420154 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: . ack 97 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2088642 2562872> [tos 0x10] 00:05:09.426195 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: . ack 97 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2088642 2562872> [tos 0x10] 00:05:36.990958 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: P 96:144(48) ack 97 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2091399 2562872> [tos 0x10] 00:05:37.010744 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: P 96:144(48) ack 97 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2091399 2562872> [tos 0x10] 00:05:37.019121 elmer.iii.com.22 > relent.iii.com.32805: P 97:1009(912) ack 144 win 24820 <nop,nop,timestamp 2565648 2091399> [tos 0x10] 00:05:37.190131 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: . ack 1009 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2091419 2565648> [tos 0x10] 00:05:37.190216 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: . ack 1009 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2091419 2565648> [tos 0x10]
[Note: If you are configuring any hosts via remote login (ssh, telnet, etc.), log into all remote systems before configuring IPsec. Then, configure the remote hosts first; configure the local host last.]
In this example, we are configuring the host relent (10.0.0.100) to use IPsec on all TCP packets exchanged with the host elmer (10.0.0.110) on a local network. On the system elmer, do the following:
# associate esp with the two systems -- add SAD entriesadd 10.0.0.100 10.0.0.110 esp 0x10001 -m tunnel -E 3des-cbc "thescogp12341234thescogp" ; add 10.0.0.110 10.0.0.100 esp 0x10002 -m tunnel -E 3des-cbc "thescogp43214321thescogp" ;
# associate ah with the two systems -- add SAD entries
add 10.1.1.100 10.1.1.110 ah 0x10003 -m tunnel -A hmac-md5 "scogroupscogroup";
add 10.1.1.110 10.1.1.100 ah 0x10004 -m tunnel -A hmac-md5 "groupscogroupsco";
# set the security policy for the systems -- add SPD entries # must reverse "in" and "out" on these lines on the other host
spdadd 10.0.0.100[any] 10.0.0.110[any] tcp -P in ipsec esp/tunnel/10.0.0.100-10.0.0.110/use ah/tunnel/10.0.0.100-10.0.0.110/use ; spdadd 10.0.0.110[any] 10.0.0.100[any] tcp -P out ipsec esp/tunnel/10.0.0.110-10.0.0.100/use ah/tunnel/10.0.0.110-10.0.0.100/use ;
ipseckey -f /etc/inet/relent.ipsec.cf
The commands in /etc/inet/relent.ipsec.cf define the SAD and SDP entries that the kernel uses to define the address ranges for which IPsec is configured, and to set the encryption and authentication policies for those addresses.
Transport mode uses an unencrypted IP header on each packet, and encrypts the packet data (sometimes called the payload). It is normally used when setting up IPsec in direct peer-to-peer connections (as in this example; we use tunnel mode in the example only to illustrate how to set it up).
Tunnel mode encrypts both IP header and data, and adds a new (unencrypted) IP header to the packet. It is normally used in situations where a gateway system is forwarding packets over a public transmission line. The unencrypted portion of the packet reveals only the gateway system's address, not the address of the originating system, which is contained in the encrypted portion of the packet.
The preferred method of managing keys is to use racoon to periodically change keys on all hosts. This procedure does not use racoon, for simplicity. For examples of using racoon to manage packet authentication, see the sections ``Configuring racoon for Automatic Shared Public Key Management'' and ``Configuring racoon for Private Keys and Certificates''.
The spdadd command specifies the security policy to be enforced on incoming and outgoing packets, for particular address ranges. In our example, the spdadd commands specify that incoming and outgoing TCP packets between 10.0.0.100 and 10.0.0.101 will have an ESP (encruption) header, followed by an AH (authentication) header, in tunnel mode (see above).
The spdadd command insludes the protocol or protocols for which
IPsec processing is enabled, tcp in our example.
Any of the protocols specified in the file /etc/protocols
can be used.
Use the keyword all in place of tcp on the
spdadd commands above to enable IPsec processing on all
packets; note that this may significantly slow network traffic.
The use keyword indicates that a Security Association (setup with the
add command, above) will be used on packets matching the Security
Policy (setup with spdadd) if one exists; otherwise, normal packet
processing will be performed.
A Security Association is required if you use the require keyword,
as shown in the other examples below.
00:16:29.650189 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: P 2208:2256(48) ack 3105 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2156665 2628439> [tos 0x10] 00:16:29.650308 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: P 2208:2256(48) ack 3105 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2156665 2628439> [tos 0x10] 00:16:29.670680 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x14) [tos 0x10] 00:16:31.570241 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: P 2208:2256(48) ack 3105 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2156857 2628439> [tos 0x10] 00:16:31.590436 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: P 2208:2256(48) ack 3105 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2156857 2628439> [tos 0x10] 00:16:31.610063 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x15) [tos 0x10] 00:16:33.490198 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: P 2208:2256(48) ack 3105 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2157049 2628439> [tos 0x10] 00:16:33.490316 relent.iii.com.32805 > elmer.iii.com.22: P 2208:2256(48) ack 3105 win 25038 <nop,nop,timestamp 2157049 2628439> [tos 0x10] 00:16:33.510561 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x16) [tos 0x10]
Note that ESP (encrypted) packets are being sent from elmer to relent, but unencrypted packets continue to be sent from relent to elmer.
# associate esp with the two systems -- add SAD entriesadd 10.0.0.100 10.0.0.110 esp 0x10001 -m tunnel -E 3des-cbc "thescogp12341234thescogp" ; add 10.0.0.110 10.0.0.100 esp 0x10002 -m tunnel -E 3des-cbc "thescogp43214321thescogp" ;
# associate ah with the two systems -- add SAD entries
add 10.1.1.100 10.1.1.110 ah 0x10003 # -m tunnel -A hmac-md5 "scogroupscogroup";
add 10.1.1.110 10.1.1.100 ah 0x10004 # -m tunnel -A hmac-md5 "groupscogroupsco";
# set the security policy for the systems -- add SPD entries # must reverse "in" and "out" on these lines on the other host
spdadd 10.0.0.100[any] 10.0.0.110[any] tcp -P out ipsec esp/tunnel/10.0.0.100-10.0.0.110/use ah/tunnel/10.0.0.100-10.0.0.110/use ; spdadd 10.0.0.110[any] 10.0.0.100[any] tcp -P in ipsec esp/tunnel/10.0.0.110-10.0.0.100/use ah/tunnel/10.0.0.110-10.0.0.100/use ;
Note that the only difference between relent.ipsec.cf and elmer.ipsec.cf is the spdadd entries, which have the keywords "out" and "in" reversed. Otherwise, the files are exactly the same.
ipseckey -f /etc/inet/relent.ipsec.cf
00:29:18.649114 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x13b) 00:29:18.650545 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x13c) 00:29:18.652723 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x14) 00:29:18.652786 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x14) 00:29:18.652843 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x13d) 00:29:18.652899 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x13e) 00:29:18.652949 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x15) 00:29:18.652999 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x15) 00:29:18.653053 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x13f) 00:29:18.654697 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x140) 00:29:18.654761 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x16) 00:29:18.654810 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x16) 00:29:18.657405 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x141) 00:29:18.724816 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x17) 00:29:18.724920 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x17) 00:29:18.733677 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x142) 00:29:18.735721 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x143) 00:29:18.740320 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x18) 00:29:18.740409 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x18) 00:29:18.877759 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x19) 00:29:18.877863 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x19) 00:29:18.893063 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x144) 00:29:18.894040 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x145) 00:29:18.894101 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x1a) 00:29:18.894151 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x1a) 00:29:18.894206 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x146) 00:29:18.896189 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x147) 00:29:18.896259 elmer.iii.com > relent.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010002,seq=0x148) 00:29:18.896310 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x1b) 00:29:18.896359 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x1b) 00:29:19.092980 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x1c) 00:29:19.094512 relent.iii.com > elmer.iii.com: ESP(spi=0x00010001,seq=0x1c)
No details about the packets are displayed, since they are encrypted.
netstat -nsp ipsec
on either machine, to check IPsec protocol statistics. The output should look something like the following:
ipsec:
406 inbound packets processed successfully
0 inbound packets violated process security policy
351 inbound packets with no SA available
0 invalid inbound packets
0 inbound packets failed due to insufficient memory
0 inbound packets failed getting SPI
0 inbound packets failed on AH replay check
0 inbound packets failed on ESP replay check
0 inbound packets considered authentic
0 inbound packets failed on authentication
ESP input histogram:
3des-cbc: 406
582 outbound packets processed successfully
0 outbound packets violated process security policy
0 outbound packets with no SA available
0 invalid outbound packets
0 outbound packets failed due to insufficient memory
0 outbound packets with no route
ESP output histogram:
3des-cbc: 582
For more information on netsat, see the netstat(1M) manual page.
log notify ;
To change IPsec keys set manually in SAD entries, you must:
Remember that the above must be done on each host that uses the given SAD entry keys.
This configuration uses simple shared public keys kept in a plain text file (/etc/inet/psk.txt) and racoon to provide packet encryption and authentication. Once the intital key is exchanged, racoon manages key updates automatically between systems.
The protocol used by racoon is known as the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol, a hybrid protocol that uses elements of two other protocols (ISAKMP and Oakley) to achieve secure key exchange between hosts.
At a minimum, IKE includes the following attributes:
The above are defined during Phase 1 of IKE negotiation, as seen in the example below. Phase 1 establishes the secure communication channel. During Phase 2, attributes are defined for the various services to be supported over the channel.
Multiple channels and services can be configured in racooon.conf. See the racoon.conf(5) and RFC2409 for more information on the syntax of racoon.conf and IKE.
10.0.0.100 mekmitasdigoat
spdadd 10.0.0.100[any] 10.0.0.110[any] tcp -P in ipsec
esp/tunnel/10.0.0.100-10.0.0.110/require ;
spdadd 10.0.0.110[any] 10.0.0.100[any] tcp -P out ipsec
esp/tunnel/10.0.0.110-10.0.0.100/require;
In this example, no add commands are needed to establish Security Associations in the ipsec.conf files on either system, because we are going to use racoon to manage encryption and authentication keys. The Security Associations for configurations that use racoon appear in the racoon configuration file (see the next step).
Note the use of the keyword require, rather than the
keyword use (as in the previous example).
The require keyword indicates that when this Security Policy
matches a packet, a Security Association will be required to process
the packet.
path pre_shared_key "/etc/inet/psk.txt" ; log debug;remote anonymous { exchange_mode aggressive ; my_identifier address 10.0.0.110 ; lifetime time 1 hour ; # sec,min,hour
# phase 1 proposal (for ISAKMP SA) proposal { encryption_algorithm 3des; hash_algorithm sha1; authentication_method pre_shared_key ; dh_group 2 ; }
# the following makes racoon (as a responder) obey the # initiator's lifetime and PFS group proposal. # this makes testing easier. proposal_check obey; }
sainfo anonymous { pfs_group 2; lifetime time 10 hour ; encryption_algorithm 3des, blowfish; authentication_algorithm hmac_sha1, hmac_md5 ; compression_algorithm deflate ; }
Basically, the remote statement Phase 1 SA and key
negotiation; the anonymous keyword
specifies that this specification applies to all packets (or, if there
are multiple remote statements, anonymous matches
any packets that don't match any other remote statement).
The sainfo statement defines Phase 2 negotiation.
See the racoon.conf(5) manual page for an explanation of the file's syntax.
tail -f /var/adm/syslog
/usr/sbin/racoon &
Check the syslog output from the previous step. Correct errors as necessary if racoon fails to start. To restart racoon, it may be necessary to delete the file /tmp/.racoon, as shown:
rm -f /tmp/.racoon
Successful startup is indicated by messages like the following in /var/adm/syslog:
Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: INFO: main.c:176: @(#)racoon 20001216 20001216 sakane@kame.net Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: INFO: main.c:177: @(#)This product linked OpenSSL 0.9.7b 10 Apr 2003 (http://www.openssl.org/) Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:612: hmac(modp1024) Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:2247: compression algorithm can not be checked because sadb message doesn't support it. Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: DEBUG: admin.c:478: open /tmp/.racoon (fd 15) as racoon management. Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: DEBUG: grabmyaddr.c:595: socket(PF_ROUTE) suceeded: fd 16 Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: DEBUG: grabmyaddr.c:324: my interface: 127.0.0.1 (lo0) Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: DEBUG: grabmyaddr.c:324: my interface: 10.0.0.100 (net0) Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: DEBUG: grabmyaddr.c:476: configuring default isakmp port. Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: DEBUG: grabmyaddr.c:498: 2 addrs are configured successfully Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: INFO: sockmisc.c:635: setsockopt_bypass: in bypass Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: INFO: sockmisc.c:660: setsockopt_bypass: out bypass Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: INFO: isakmp.c:1368: 10.0.0.100[500] used as isakmp port (fd=17) Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: INFO: sockmisc.c:635: setsockopt_bypass: in bypass Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: INFO: sockmisc.c:660: setsockopt_bypass: out bypass Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: INFO: isakmp.c:1368: 127.0.0.1[500] used as isakmp port (fd=18) Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:195: get pfkey X_SPDDUMP message Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:195: get pfkey X_SPDDUMP message Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: DEBUG: policy.c:184: sub:8047028: 10.0.0.100/32[0] 10.0.0.110/32[0] proto=tcp dir=out Nov 12 12:46:45 relent racoon: DEBUG: policy.c:185: db :809a680: 10.0.0.110/32[0] 10.0.0.100/32[0] proto=tcp dir=in
The file /etc/inet/psk.txt on relent should look like this:
10.0.0.110 mekmitasdigoat
The file /etc/inet/relent.ipsec.conf should look like this:
spdadd 10.0.0.100[any] 10.0.0.110[any] tcp -P out ipsec
esp/tunnel/10.0.0.100-10.0.0.110/require ;
spdadd 10.0.0.110[any] 10.0.0.100[any] tcp -P in ipsec
esp/tunnel/10.0.0.110-10.0.0.100/require;
The file /etc/inet/relent.racoon.conf should look like this:
path pre_shared_key "/etc/inet/psk.txt" ;
log debug;
remote anonymous { exchange_mode aggressive ; my_identifier address 10.0.0.100 ; lifetime time 1 hour ; # sec,min,hour
# phase 1 proposal (for ISAKMP SA) proposal { encryption_algorithm 3des; hash_algorithm sha1; authentication_method pre_shared_key ; dh_group 2 ; }
# the configuration makes racoon (as a responder) to obey the # initiator's lifetime and PFS group proposal. # this makes testing so much easier. proposal_check obey; }
sainfo anonymous { pfs_group 2; lifetime time 10 hour ; # lifetime byte 50 MB ; encryption_algorithm 3des, blowfish; authentication_algorithm hmac_sha1, hmac_md5 ; compression_algorithm deflate ; }
Nov 12 13:43:42 relent racoon: INFO: isakmp.c:1610: phase2 sa expired (invalid)-(invalid) Nov 12 13:43:43 relent racoon: INFO: isakmp.c:1641: phase2 sa deleted (invalid)-(invalid) Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:195: get pfkey ACQUIRE message Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:1526: suitable outbound SP found: 10.0.0.100/32[0] 10.0.0.110/32[0] proto=tcp dir=out. Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: policy.c:184: sub:8046ffc: 10.0.0.110/32[0] 10.0.0.100/32[0] proto=tcp dir=in Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: policy.c:185: db :809a680: 10.0.0.110/32[0] 10.0.0.100/32[0] proto=tcp dir=in Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:1542: suitable inbound SP found: 10.0.0.110/32[0] 10.0.0.100/32[0] proto=tcp dir=in. Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:1581: new acquire 10.0.0.100/32[0] 10.0.0.110/32[0] proto=tcp dir=out Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: sainfo.c:100: anonymous sainfo selected. Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: proposal.c:825: (proto_id=ESP spisize=4 spi=00000000 spi_p=00000000 encmode=Tunnel reqid=0:0) Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: proposal.c:859: (trns_id=3DES encklen=0 authtype=2) Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: proposal.c:859: (trns_id=3DES encklen=0 authtype=1) Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: proposal.c:859: (trns_id=BLOWFISH encklen=128 authtype=2) Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: proposal.c:859: (trns_id=BLOWFISH encklen=128 authtype=1) Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: remoteconf.c:129: anonymous configuration selected for 10.0.0.110. Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: INFO: handler.c:163: ph1 local addr 10.0.0.100[500] Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: INFO: handler.c:165: arg local addr 10.0.0.100[0] Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: INFO: handler.c:167: ph1 remote addr 10.0.0.110[500] Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: INFO: handler.c:169: arg remote addr 10.0.0.110[0] Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1724: begin QUICK mode. Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:947: === Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:948: begin QUICK mode. Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: INFO: isakmp.c:952: initiate new phase 2 negotiation: 10.0.0.100[0]<=>10.0.0.110[0] Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2550: compute IV for phase2 Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2551: phase1 last IV: Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:32 relent Nov 12 13:45:3120f905a0 58df31e4 a3b13ba3 Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:254: hash(sha1) Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:384: encription(3des) Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2583: phase2 IV computed: Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:32 relent Nov 12 13:45:31be26f490 86a556eb Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:792: call pfkey_send_getspi Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:805: pfkey GETSPI sent: ESP/Tunnel 10.0.0.110[0]->10.0.0.100[0] Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_quick.c:131: pfkey getspi sent. Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:195: get pfkey GETSPI message Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:876: pfkey GETSPI succeeded: ESP/Tunnel 10.0.0.110[0]->10.0.0.100[0] spi=230166657(0xdb81081) Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:612: hmac(modp1024) Nov 12 13:45:31 relent last message repeated 8 times Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:256: compute DH's private. Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:33 relent Nov 12 13:45:3159be842f f5290870 c44b6c87 eda44992 6da70434 6d6a585d 89771721 dfa39b64 Nov 12 13:45:33 relent Nov 12 13:45:3196e9394f ca1ee345 19f2af3b 9c52768b 0853a38e 3177879d 6e83c717 39268af6 Nov 12 13:45:33 relent Nov 12 13:45:31aeeaaf01 e57713cc 5b5ac68b 73763d17 6d246bd8 c108656c 82fcec64 0bf46c7c Nov 12 13:45:33 relent Nov 12 13:45:31414ad3cb 520c032b b3a2d699 802fe007 e011e2da f8d83dfb 061c6256 99c6eb5d Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:258: compute DH's public. Nov 12 13:45:31 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:33 relent Nov 12 13:45:315ee7b9c9 c97c8d43 97dcd2fd 69b50179 98c02cda 2f3e9be7 9d00f2b9 8056078f Nov 12 13:45:33 relent Nov 12 13:45:310eba690b d5b3a394 08e340ea 37decc57 73e575b4 c5f1bf28 3c76dc87 a4a0dc16 Nov 12 13:45:33 relent Nov 12 13:45:31cb549551 8c51e521 ef66c9a4 094fc3f2 8ab048ef e414b0c2 abd03017 c68440c5 Nov 12 13:45:33 relent Nov 12 13:45:317117b7c3 e0f2a13f 6df8120c 031634a2 cb47fc90 757cd9ea bb7ad251 219eff9a Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: proposal.c:859: (trns_id=BLOWFISH encklen=128 authtype=2) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: proposal.c:859: (trns_id=BLOWFISH encklen=128 authtype=1) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:1012: matched Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:746: === Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_quick.c:564: HASH(3) generate Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:692: HASH with: Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:33 relent Nov 12 13:45:3200a3b13b a3b0aa39 deb02e5d 747c5136 6049d1e6 988069b2 71dac5bb 56c78812 Nov 12 13:45:33 relent Nov 12 13:45:32df96c750 e8 Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:324: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:702: HASH computed: Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:33 relent Nov 12 13:45:3208b5e7c3 46ed883b a27b045d c83b87ae 0a84ebe0 Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:2135: add payload of len 20, next type 0 Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2749: begin encryption. Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:384: encription(3des) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2765: pad length = 8 Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:33 relent Nov 12 13:45:3200000018 08b5e7c3 46ed883b a27b045d c83b87ae 0a84ebe0 e832dbec d5331307 Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:384: encription(3des) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2800: with key: Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:32d0be6b9f 2746a633 188064b1 be976e84 57620259 c1a9a4f4 Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2808: encrypted payload by IV: Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:325036c720 4678ee8b Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2815: save IV for next: Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:325036c720 4678ee8b Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2832: encrypted. Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: sockmisc.c:430: sockname 10.0.0.100[500] Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: sockmisc.c:432: send packet from 10.0.0.100[500] Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: sockmisc.c:434: send packet to 10.0.0.110[500] Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: sockmisc.c:579: 1 times of 60 bytes message will be sent to 10.0.0.110[500] Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:3246743924 b0525ac7 4219398c 554990da 08102001 a3b13ba3 0000003c 56fc30f6 Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:329a753f67 684cf693 2fcf5adb 137947ba d8e34306 5036c720 4678ee8b Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:210: compute DH's shared. Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:3226d92ccd 8b57e551 ee87c4b4 c77a881e 3169b74d 75b0320a 3a3c30ea 2dc6a220 Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:329c28bef6 8d9bc774 2a1be830 2b027f2b cc7eff40 9c32ddb0 32dfb8bc b5cd3a59 Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:320f542a7f f9ecfa51 bfa92c84 ca832935 d4a927f4 4c39a4c1 55114714 530f1638 Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:325ee7ab90 294bbcc6 f7aca5d8 335fedd4 93824ab2 3d32bb89 e14e0210 05be7ab5 Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:464: KEYMAT compute with Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:3226d92ccd 8b57e551 ee87c4b4 c77a881e 3169b74d 75b0320a 3a3c30ea 2dc6a220 Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:329c28bef6 8d9bc774 2a1be830 2b027f2b cc7eff40 9c32ddb0 32dfb8bc b5cd3a59 Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:320f542a7f f9ecfa51 bfa92c84 ca832935 d4a927f4 4c39a4c1 55114714 530f1638 Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:325ee7ab90 294bbcc6 f7aca5d8 335fedd4 93824ab2 3d32bb89 e14e0210 05be7ab5 Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:32030db810 81b0aa39 deb02e5d 747c5136 6049d1e6 988069b2 71dac5bb 56c78812 Nov 12 13:45:34 relent Nov 12 13:45:32df96c750 e8 Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:324: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:511: encription(3des) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:554: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:497: encklen=192 authklen=160 Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:504: generating 640 bits of key (dupkeymat=4) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:522: generating K1...K4 for KEYMAT. Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:324: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent last message repeated 2 times Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:35 relent Nov 12 13:45:32b32fb81a f3193fa8 db2cd160 4adbf6fd 5ac999b7 f0b66a67 a8a7119b 73c873d8 Nov 12 13:45:35 relent Nov 12 13:45:32847a06ce e64e4327 b366680e 0e16f144 6a460208 e478a96b 1c9269dd af6a6af1 Nov 12 13:45:35 relent Nov 12 13:45:32661fb5b7 e8c6a39e 5658a95d 9d9de1e8 Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:464: KEYMAT compute with Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:35 relent Nov 12 13:45:3226d92ccd 8b57e551 ee87c4b4 c77a881e 3169b74d 75b0320a 3a3c30ea 2dc6a220 Nov 12 13:45:35 relent Nov 12 13:45:329c28bef6 8d9bc774 2a1be830 2b027f2b cc7eff40 9c32ddb0 32dfb8bc b5cd3a59 Nov 12 13:45:35 relent Nov 12 13:45:320f542a7f f9ecfa51 bfa92c84 ca832935 d4a927f4 4c39a4c1 55114714 530f1638 Nov 12 13:45:35 relent Nov 12 13:45:325ee7ab90 294bbcc6 f7aca5d8 335fedd4 93824ab2 3d32bb89 e14e0210 05be7ab5 Nov 12 13:45:35 relent Nov 12 13:45:320304c13e deb0aa39 deb02e5d 747c5136 6049d1e6 988069b2 71dac5bb 56c78812 Nov 12 13:45:35 relent Nov 12 13:45:32df96c750 e8 Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:324: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:511: encription(3des) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:554: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:497: encklen=192 authklen=160 Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:504: generating 640 bits of key (dupkeymat=4) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:522: generating K1...K4 for KEYMAT. Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:324: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent last message repeated 2 times Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 12 13:45:35 relent Nov 12 13:45:324ca2a2ba 2558d9e7 9f45c003 a1cf2644 26ce0508 d6ba625a 98dc891f 62262a4b Nov 12 13:45:35 relent Nov 12 13:45:3261670d04 ef7bfe89 f75d3f29 322add42 5e4f1c9e 86237b4e f227eac9 b8c2b199 Nov 12 13:45:35 relent Nov 12 13:45:32d3f92672 fa82126f 43340b6e 9c03e40a Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:392: KEYMAT computed. Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_quick.c:649: call pk_sendupdate Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:511: encription(3des) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:554: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:974: call pfkey_send_update Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_quick.c:654: pfkey update sent. Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:511: encription(3des) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:554: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:1215: call pfkey_send_add Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_quick.c:661: pfkey add sent. Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:195: get pfkey UPDATE message Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:1103: pfkey UPDATE succeeded: ESP/Tunnel 10.0.0.110[0]->10.0.0.100[0] spi=230166657(0xdb81081) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: INFO: pfkey.c:1110: IPsec-SA established: ESP/Tunnel 10.0.0.110[0]->10.0.0.100[0] spi=230166657(0xdb81081) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:1148: === Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:195: get pfkey ADD message Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: INFO: pfkey.c:1322: IPsec-SA established: ESP/Tunnel 10.0.0.100[0]->10.0.0.110[0] spi=79773406(0x4c13ede) Nov 12 13:45:32 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:1327: ===
log notify ;
In this example, we improve security between the two systems in
the previous example by using private keys and signed certificates
to provide authentication between two systems, instead of the human
readable text files used by the pre_shared_key facility.
# mkdir -p /usr/local/ssl/certs # cd /usr/local/ssl/certs # openssl req -new -nodes -newkey rsa:1024 -sha1 -keyform PEM \ > -keyout privkey.pem -out request.pem # openssl x509 -req -in request.pem -signkey privkey.pem -out elmer_cert.pem # ln -s elmer_cert.pem `openssl x509 -noout -hash -in elmer_cert.pem`.0
The default number of days for which a certificate is valid is 30 days. Use the -days option to the openssl req and openssl x509 commands to specify an alternate number of days.
spdadd 10.0.0.100[any] 10.0.0.110[any] tcp -P in ipsec
esp/tunnel/10.0.0.100-10.0.0.110/require ;
spdadd 10.0.0.110[any] 10.0.0.100[any] tcp -P out ipsec
esp/tunnel/10.0.0.110-10.0.0.100/require;
path certificate "/usr/local/ssl/certs" ;
log debug;
remote 10.0.0.100 { exchange_mode aggressive ;
my_identifier asn1dn ; peers_identifier asn1dn ;
certificate_type x509 "elmer_cert.pem" "privkey.pem"; peers_certfile "relent_cert.pem";
lifetime time 1 hour ; # sec,min,hour
# phase 1 proposal (for ISAKMP SA) proposal { encryption_algorithm 3des; hash_algorithm sha1; authentication_method rsasig ; dh_group 2 ; }
# the configuration makes racoon (as a responder) to obey the # initiator's lifetime and PFS group proposal. # this makes testing so much easier. proposal_check obey; }
# phase 2 proposal (for IPsec SA). # actual phase 2 proposal will obey the following items: # - kernel IPsec policy configuration (like "esp/transport//use) # - permutation of the crypto/hash/compression algorithms presented below sainfo anonymous { pfs_group 2; lifetime time 10 hour ; # lifetime byte 50 MB ; encryption_algorithm 3des, blowfish; authentication_algorithm hmac_sha1, hmac_md5 ; compression_algorithm deflate ; }
tail -f /var/adm/syslog
ipseckey -f /etc/inet/elmer.ipsec.conf /usr/sbin/racoon &
Check the syslog output from the previous step. Correct errors as necessary if racoon fails to start. To restart racoon, it may be necessary to delete the file /tmp/.racoon, as shown:
rm -f /tmp/.racoon
Successful startup is indicated by messages like the following in /var/adm/syslog:
Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: INFO: main.c:176: @(#)racoon 20001216 20001216 sakane@kame.net Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: INFO: main.c:177: @(#)This product linked OpenSSL 0.9.7b 10 Apr 2003 (http://www.openssl.org/) Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:612: hmac(modp1024) Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:2247: compression algorithm can not be checked because sadb message doesn't support it. Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: DEBUG: admin.c:478: open /tmp/.racoon (fd 15) as racoon management. Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: DEBUG: grabmyaddr.c:595: socket(PF_ROUTE) suceeded: fd 16 Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: DEBUG: grabmyaddr.c:324: my interface: 127.0.0.1 (lo0) Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: DEBUG: grabmyaddr.c:324: my interface: 10.0.0.100 (net0) Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: DEBUG: grabmyaddr.c:476: configuring default isak mp port. Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: DEBUG: grabmyaddr.c:498: 2 addrs are configured successfully Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: INFO: sockmisc.c:635: setsockopt_bypass: in bypass Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: INFO: sockmisc.c:660: setsockopt_bypass: out bypass Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: INFO: isakmp.c:1368: 10.0.0.100[500] used as isakmp port (fd=17) Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: INFO: sockmisc.c:635: setsockopt_bypass: in bypass Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: INFO: sockmisc.c:660: setsockopt_bypass: out bypass Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: INFO: isakmp.c:1368: 127.0.0.1[500] used as isakmp port (fd=18) Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:195: get pfkey X_SPDDUMP message Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:195: get pfkey X_SPDDUMP message Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: DEBUG: policy.c:184: sub:8047030: 10.0.0.100/32[0] 10.0.0.110/32[0] proto=tcp dir=out Nov 17 17:37:18 elmer racoon: DEBUG: policy.c:185: db :809aa58: 10.0.0.110/32[0] 10.0.0.100/32[0] proto=tcp dir=in
# mkdir -p /usr/local/ssl/certs # cd /usr/local/ssl/certs # openssl req -new -nodes -newkey rsa:1024 -sha1 -keyform PEM \ > -keyout privkey.pem -out request.pem # openssl x509 -req -in request.pem -signkey privkey.pem -out relent_cert.pem # ln -s relent_cert.pem `openssl x509 -noout -hash -in relent_cert.pem`.0
The default number of days for which a certificate is valid is 30 days. Use the -days option to the openssl req and openssl x509 commands to specify an alternate number of days.
spdadd 10.0.0.100[any] 10.0.0.110[any] tcp -P out ipsec
esp/tunnel/10.0.0.100-10.0.0.110/require ;
spdadd 10.0.0.110[any] 10.0.0.100[any] tcp -P in ipsec
esp/tunnel/10.0.0.110-10.0.0.100/require;
path certificate "/usr/local/ssl/certs" ;
log debug;
remote 10.0.0.110 { exchange_mode aggressive ;
my_identifier asn1dn ; peers_identifier asn1dn ;
certificate_type x509 "relent_cert.pem" "privkey.pem"; peers_certfile "elmer_cert.pem";
lifetime time 1 hour ; # sec,min,hour
# phase 1 proposal (for ISAKMP SA) proposal { encryption_algorithm 3des; hash_algorithm sha1; authentication_method rsasig ; dh_group 2 ; }
# the configuration makes racoon (as a responder) to obey the # initiator's lifetime and PFS group proposal. # this makes testing so much easier. proposal_check obey; }
# phase 2 proposal (for IPsec SA). # actual phase 2 proposal will obey the following items: # - kernel IPsec policy configuration (like "esp/transport//use) # - permutation of the crypto/hash/compression algorithms presented below sainfo anonymous { pfs_group 2; lifetime time 10 hour ; # lifetime byte 50 MB ; encryption_algorithm 3des, blowfish; authentication_algorithm hmac_sha1, hmac_md5 ; compression_algorithm deflate ; }
Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:231: === Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:232: 319 bytes message received from 10.0.0.110[500] Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:25 relent Nov 17 17:37:2599ab2e4d c4999d1f 00000000 00000000 01100400 00000000 0000013f 04000034 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent Nov 17 17:37:2500000001 00000001 00000028 01010001 00000020 01010000 800b0001 800c0e10 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent Nov 17 17:37:2580010005 80030003 80020002 80040002 0a000084 92ab31a7 30d93225 c297312a Nov 17 17:37:25 relent Nov 17 17:37:25ca52e2c9 205ead9e 756436ce b896187d 345ce5ba 4b415681 405e0072 401fc40c Nov 17 17:37:25 relent Nov 17 17:37:259b8d4d18 c6e339a8 1fda5790 8486b352 e5d2d09b 2cbad154 70d9b95e c5b3fcee Nov 17 17:37:25 relent Nov 17 17:37:25bd771050 983c54f6 eab3c101 0264400c a292ad9d 1a2cd9d7 fa56312c 14937066 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent Nov 17 17:37:25d78d2bcc 4f968f55 59d2ed46 8d0e9527 e01da5d1 05000014 b51b076f 6eecca3b Nov 17 17:37:25 relent Nov 17 17:37:25c70cb1ff 0b2d32c9 00000057 09000000 304d310b 30090603 55040613 02555331 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent Nov 17 17:37:250b300906 03550408 13024e59 310e300c 06035504 07130542 45524e45 3121301f Nov 17 17:37:25 relent Nov 17 17:37:2506035504 0a131849 6e746572 6e657420 57696467 69747320 50747920 4c7464 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: remoteconf.c:118: configuration found for 10.0.0.110[500]. Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:899: === Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: INFO: isakmp.c:904: respond new phase 1 negotiation: 10.0.0.100[500]<=>10.0.0.110[500] Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: INFO: isakmp.c:909: begin Aggressive mode. Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_agg.c:621: agg_r1recv: begin Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1122: begin. Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1149: seen nptype=1(sa) Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1149: seen nptype=4(ke) Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1149: seen nptype=10(nonce) Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1149: seen nptype=5(id) Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1188: succeed. Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_agg.c:653: received payload of type ke Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_agg.c:653: received payload of type nonce Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_agg.c:653: received payload of type id Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:1117: total SA len=48 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:26 relent Nov 17 17:37:2500000001 00000001 00000028 01010001 00000020 01010000 800b0001 800c0e10 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent Nov 17 17:37:2580010005 80030003 80020002 80040002 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1122: begin. Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1149: seen nptype=2(prop) Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1188: succeed. Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:1170: proposal #1 len=40 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1122: begin. Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1149: seen nptype=3(trns) Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1188: succeed. Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:1311: transform #1 len=32 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:1870: type=Life Type, flag=0x8000, lorv=seconds Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:1870: type=Life Duration, flag=0x8000, lorv=3600 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:1870: type=Encryption Algorithm, flag=0x8000, lorv=3DES-CBC Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:384: encription(3des) Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:1870: type=Authentication Method, flag=0x8000, lorv=RSA signatures Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:1870: type=Hash Algorithm, flag=0x8000, lorv=SHA Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:254: hash(sha1) Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:1870: type=Group Description, flag=0x8000, lorv=1024-bit MODP group Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:612: hmac(modp1024) Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:1213: pair 1: Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: proposal.c:892: 80a0fa8: next=0 tnext=0 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:1248: proposal #1: 1 transform Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:322: prop#=1, prot-id=ISAKMP, spi-size=0, #trns=1 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:327: trns#=1, trns-id=IKE Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:491: type=Life Type, flag=0x8000, lorv=seconds Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:491: type=Life Duration, flag=0x8000, lorv=3600 Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:491: type=Encryption Algorithm, flag=0x8000, lorv=3DES-CBC Nov 17 17:37:25 relent racoon: DEBUG: ipsec_doi.c:491: type=Authentication Method, flag=0x8000, lorv=RSA signatures Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:27 relent Nov 17 17:37:2699ab2e4d c4999d1f dd6ec225 894f8636 08102001 7d8467eb 0000003c cc73d415 Nov 17 17:37:27 relent Nov 17 17:37:2667e3c374 919d41eb aee767dc a3d40b09 03fdebec f31c4f13 32777f7b Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2626: begin decryption. Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:384: encription(3des) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2640: IV was saved for next processing: Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:27 relent Nov 17 17:37:26f31c4f13 32777f7b Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:384: encription(3des) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2665: with key: Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:27 relent Nov 17 17:37:262eb69857 3bc11fde 90f07315 fb8121bc cfb70f69 2e289b64 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2673: decrypted payload by IV: Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:27 relent Nov 17 17:37:26f31c4f13 32777f7b Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2676: decrypted payload, but not trimed. Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:27 relent Nov 17 17:37:2600000018 e84dcf9e a7831750 3b62090c 14c0dd74 18378b23 e9c56349 0c7ac907 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2685: padding len=8 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2699: skip to trim padding. Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:2714: decrypted. Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:27 relent Nov 17 17:37:2699ab2e4d c4999d1f dd6ec225 894f8636 08102001 7d8467eb 0000003c 00000018 Nov 17 17:37:27 relent Nov 17 17:37:26e84dcf9e a7831750 3b62090c 14c0dd74 18378b23 e9c56349 0c7ac907 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1122: begin. Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1149: seen nptype=8(hash) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:1188: succeed. Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_quick.c:1430: HASH(3) validate: Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:27 relent Nov 17 17:37:26e84dcf9e a7831750 3b62090c 14c0dd74 18378b23 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:692: HASH with: Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26007d8467 ebf61ace 15f04966 80d59719 045c9049 8f9a83bd b6069c8f ace0697d Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:265b26dbfc 07 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:324: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:702: HASH computed: Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26e84dcf9e a7831750 3b62090c 14c0dd74 18378b23 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp.c:746: === Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:210: compute DH's shared. Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26f055d09f b2a6195d 1a7bbed2 a03c86a9 98d8a49f bacd008f 9de6cf63 6ee532fe Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26bb8beaad cc63c60e 5c851f5b 5bc047f0 f66e0816 1efd60bc 42204868 243b040c Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26b775d457 5200a886 51f4f914 60670010 5590b1dd bb455673 b19e2094 ace3a496 Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26134ce1b1 2a54a6ae 52083878 434ea944 1c90806a 770f8953 ea8fe89e a13ff8bd Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:464: KEYMAT compute with Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26f055d09f b2a6195d 1a7bbed2 a03c86a9 98d8a49f bacd008f 9de6cf63 6ee532fe Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26bb8beaad cc63c60e 5c851f5b 5bc047f0 f66e0816 1efd60bc 42204868 243b040c Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26b775d457 5200a886 51f4f914 60670010 5590b1dd bb455673 b19e2094 ace3a496 Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26134ce1b1 2a54a6ae 52083878 434ea944 1c90806a 770f8953 ea8fe89e a13ff8bd Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26030fe664 d6f61ace 15f04966 80d59719 045c9049 8f9a83bd b6069c8f ace0697d Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:265b26dbfc 07 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:324: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:511: encription(3des) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:554: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:497: encklen=192 authklen=160 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:504: generating 640 bits of key (dupkeymat=4) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:522: generating K1...K4 for KEYMAT. Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:324: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent last message repeated 2 times Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26bd103196 069c2547 4496d6bc 2a9a75b6 f13fa832 280b2a72 2247100f 645318e4 Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26ff31409e ff953e25 a8d82feb da8a39fc 6bf8234f 34c799e7 8a0fcaf9 e9a75bc1 Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26ed0c2f8d bd2bb80f 9d925eb7 5e4e65f2 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:464: KEYMAT compute with Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26f055d09f b2a6195d 1a7bbed2 a03c86a9 98d8a49f bacd008f 9de6cf63 6ee532fe Nov 17 17:37:28 relent Nov 17 17:37:26bb8beaad cc63c60e 5c851f5b 5bc047f0 f66e0816 1efd60bc 42204868 243b040c Nov 17 17:37:29 relent Nov 17 17:37:26b775d457 5200a886 51f4f914 60670010 5590b1dd bb455673 b19e2094 ace3a496 Nov 17 17:37:29 relent Nov 17 17:37:26134ce1b1 2a54a6ae 52083878 434ea944 1c90806a 770f8953 ea8fe89e a13ff8bd Nov 17 17:37:29 relent Nov 17 17:37:2603098fd6 4af61ace 15f04966 80d59719 045c9049 8f9a83bd b6069c8f ace0697d Nov 17 17:37:29 relent Nov 17 17:37:265b26dbfc 07 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:324: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:511: encription(3des) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:554: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:497: encklen=192 authklen=160 Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:504: generating 640 bits of key (dupkeymat=4) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:522: generating K1...K4 for KEYMAT. Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:324: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent last message repeated 2 times Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: plog.c:195: Nov 17 17:37:29 relent Nov 17 17:37:26b5474a43 c8e1a82b 7eb74f66 cc07e0ca 9ce2f248 a19703c0 9c355b30 df664a58 Nov 17 17:37:29 relent Nov 17 17:37:2605c6b27f 50ec1ce0 ce1c364f 39c49258 96c8ebca 162e8f35 0d1f6757 f97c2fca Nov 17 17:37:29 relent Nov 17 17:37:26e4c17f21 7e1bff84 6f23d2c9 e33f085e Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: oakley.c:392: KEYMAT computed. Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_quick.c:1613: call pk_sendupdate Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:511: encription(3des) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:554: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:974: call pfkey_send_update Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_quick.c:1618: pfkey update sent. Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:511: encription(3des) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: algorithm.c:554: hmac(hmac_sha1) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:1215: call pfkey_send_add Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: isakmp_quick.c:1625: pfkey add sent. Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:195: get pfkey UPDATE message Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:1103: pfkey UPDATE succeeded: ESP/Tunnel 10.0.0.110[0]->10.0.0.100[0] spi=266757334(0xfe664d6) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: INFO: pfkey.c:1110: IPsec-SA established: ESP/Tunnel 10.0.0.110[0]->10.0.0.100[0] spi=266757334(0xfe664d6) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:1148: === Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:195: get pfkey ADD message Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: INFO: pfkey.c:1322: IPsec-SA established: ESP/Tunnel 10.0.0.100[0]->10.0.0.110[0] spi=160421450(0x98fd64a) Nov 17 17:37:26 relent racoon: DEBUG: pfkey.c:1327: === Nov 17 17:38:03 relent in.telnetd[10637]: connect from elmer.iii.com Nov 17 17:39:18 relent in.telnetd[10660]: connect from elmer.iii.com
log notify ;
If multiple security associations exist in the SAD database for the same IP addresses and ports, by default the newest entry is selected as the policy for that connection. To change this default so that the oldest entry in the SAD database is selected, use the scoadmin system tuner or the inconfig(1Mtcp) command to set the tuneable parameter key_preferred_oldsa to 1. Then, rebuild the kernel and reboot, as in this command line example:
# inconfig key_preferred_oldsa 1 # idbuild -B # shutdown -i6 -g0 -y
In many configurations, traffic on some ports will not be required to support IPsec. DNS traffic on port 53 is one example. Since the entries in the SAD and SPD databases are parsed in order (and not on best match, for example), entries for non-IPsec connections to particular ports should be specified before entries for secure IP connections. For example, entries like the following would need to appear in the /etc/inet/ipsec.conf file before other entries for the same connections:
spdadd hostA[any] DNSserver[53] udp -P in none ; spdadd DNSserver[53] hostA[any] udp -P out none ;
Compressing encrypted data has been shown to be largely ineffective in
most cases.
Enabling IP payload compression (IPcomp) means that the packets
exchanged over the secure communication channel will be compressed
before they are encrypted using ESP.
Enabling IPcomp generally means better performance as the packet size
is reduced to a minimum before encryption.
The following attribute in an sainfo section of
racoon.conf enables IP compression:
compression_algorithm deflate
IP compression is enabled in all the samples used in this document.
In general, setting the following attributes in Phase 1 IKE negotiation (the remote statement in /etc/inet/racoon.conf) configures the secure channel for a remote client that does not have a fixed IP address (dynamic IP allocation):
my_identifier asn1dn; peers_identifier asn1dn; passive on; generate_policy on;
The identifier used on the channel must be asn1dn; so that
the remote system's identifier is taken from the Subject field of the remote
system's certificate.
The passive attribute must be on so that communication on the
channel is initiated by the remote system.
The generate_policy attribute must be on so that Security Policy
Database (SPD) entries can be constructed at the clients request
using identifier and policy information obtained from the client.
Note that it is important that the remote client's SPD entries (contained in the sainfo statements in the rmeote client's racoon.conf file) for this channel match a security policy defined on the other system, or future negotiations for services will be denied.
To disable IPsec completely, follow the instructions in the section
``Enabling IPsec''
and set ipsec_enable to 0 to disable IPsec processing.
To reconfigure or selectively disable IPsec, do the following:
ipseckey -F ipseckey -FP
[Note: If you are doing this on some systems via remote login (ssh, telnet, etc.), log into all remote systems before you disable the local system's IPsec; then disable IPsec on all remote systems before disabling IPsec on the local system.]
# ps -eaf | grep racoon
root 4267 3191 TS 80 0 17:27:12 pts/18 0:00 racoon
# kill -9 4267
# racoon &
If you want to configure IPsec to start automatically on every reboot, add the setkey commands you used to manually start IPsec to a file under /etc/rc2.d to configure on every reboot on all hosts. For the system elmer, for example, we could add a file named /etc/rc2.d/S99ipsec.elmer with the following command:
ipseckey -f /etc/inet/elmer.ipsec.conf
UnixWare and Windows 2000 and XP systems can be configured to exchange IPsec packets, in configurations like the examples shown above that use two UnixWare systems.
To configure Windows 2000 or XP IPsec:
Note that contrary to some information in the above articles, it is not
necessary when defining an IPsec VPN to define a static route on Windows
between the two machines.
This is done by the Phase 1 (remote) definitions
in the Security Policy rules on Windows and in racoon.conf
on UnixWare.
More articles as well as IPsec-related Service Packs for Windows 2000 and XP can be found by searching the Windows Support Web Site.
The library libipsec includes several functions for manipulating secure IP policy information. See the ipsec_set_policy(3) and ipsec_strerror(3) manual pages.
The following web sites provide a great deal of information about IPsec.
| www.netbsd.org | netBSD home page |
| www.freebsd.org | freeBSD home page |
| www.kame.net | KAME Project home page (developers/owners of IPsec) |